feat: expand interactive math and physics history learning paths

[tiye]

Summary

• expand the mathematical history atlas with additional eras, prerequisite guidance, and frontier paths
• add an interactive physics history atlas covering measurement, mechanics, thermodynamics, fields, relativity, quantum theory, particles, cosmology, and open questions
• add eight parameter-driven thought experiments with prediction checks and direct bridges into the GA curriculum

Validation

• npm run build (Node 24) succeeds and completes static prerendering
• targeted ESLint check passes for the changed TypeScript sources

Notes

• the unrelated untracked social-share PNG is intentionally excluded

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[coderabbitai]

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